In addition to the water and chemical additives, "proppants" such as sand and ceramic particles are also pumped into the fracking well. These chemical additives usually make up 0.5 to 2 percent of the slickwater, with the remaining 98 to 99.5 percent consisting of plain water, according to a report called "Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States" by the U.S. Additives can include detergents, salts, acids, alcohols, lubricants and disinfectants. It is mostly water, though it also can contain a wide range of additives and chemicals that serve an engineering purpose. The fluid that is pumped into the well to fracture the rock is called slickwater. The pressure is powerful enough to fracture the surrounding rock, creating fissures and cracks through which oil and gas can flow. For future students and scholars, this will become the benchmark.After the fracking well is fully drilled and encased, fracking fluid is pumped down into the well at extremely high pressure, in some cases exceeding 9,000 pounds per square inch (62,050 kilopascals), according to a primer from Cornell University's environmental quality engineering course. Fisk, Assistant Professor, Auburn University 'Focusing on Texas, this book establishes Professor Majumdar as the expert on the political, technical and economic factors of fracking. This book offers an in-depth look at the politics of oil and gas and offers important lessons as fracking continues to reshape America's energy portfolio.'- Jonathan M. Majumdar's engaging book examines in great detail many of the politics, issues, and tensions related to fracking in Texas, a critical energy-producing state. This book offers an in-depth look at the politics of oil and gas and offers important lessons as fracking continues to reshape America's energy portfolio.'- Jonathan Fisk, Assistant Professor, Auburn University, 'Unconventional oil and gas production has challenged the ability of states and localities to balance environmental protection with economic development and energy security. 'Unconventional oil and gas production has challenged the ability of states and localities to balance environmental protection with economic development and energy security. This book will be an important resource for scholars of environmental and natural resource politics and policy in the United States. Majumdar has developed a model to show stage by stage community actions to regain their quality of life and the consequences of their actions, if any, on state and local regulations and ordinances, and the oil and gas industry. Majumdar studies four communities close to fracking well sites in Texas to help illustrate to what extent fracking regulations have been developed in Texas and how effective these regulations have been in safeguarding the interests of individuals in local communities amidst the lure of economic gains from the extraction of oil and natural gas from shale formations. Dismissing the negative externalities of fracking simply raises the question, to what extent have communities close to fracking sites been adversely impacted by it? In this book, Sarmistha R. Behind the fa ade of many socio-economic and political benefits, the process of fracking causes serious environmental concerns. More specifically, hydraulic fracturing or fracking is said to not only make the production of affordable energy possible but also reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by substituting coal with natural gas in the utility sector.
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